Global warming and climate change apparently also contribute to air turbulence, and the latest research shows the most turbulent flight routes for the past year. 

They include:

• Milan in Italy to both Geneva and Zurich in Switzerland
• Routes from Chongqing and Chengdu in China
• From Osaka in Japan
• From Santiago in Chile

Forewarned may be forearmed, but the safest approach to these routes — and in fact all airline routes — is to make sure you keep your seatbelt fastened at all times during your flight. 

While these routes may have the highest incidence of inflight turbulence, it’s the unexpected clear-air turbulence that can occur at any time and on any air route.